School Discipline, Safety, and Climate: A Comprehensive Study in New York City

From the executive summary:

‘This comprehensive study of 804 New York City public middle and high schools sought to isolate the independent impacts of suspension, as well as to disentangle the effects, if any, of student, school, and neighborhood characteristics. Conversely, the study also explored the relationship of restorative justice and other positive practices to student behavior and school culture. We implemented two overarching research strategies: (1) a quantitative study, drawing on educational and justice data acquired on all public middle and high school students in New York City; and (2) in-depth qualitative case studies of five public schools purposefully selected because they exemplified positive practices and have representative student populations. “