Jury Trial

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People v. Cardenas, 2026 Cal. App. LEXIS 324 (Cal. Ct. App. 2026)

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The California 2nd District Court of Appeal vacated a sentence enhancement, finding that the trial court erred in denying defense counsel the opportunity to present a closing argument. The court stated in relevant part: Under the determinate sentencing scheme, the court may not impose an upper term sentence unless an aggravating circumstance applies. (§ 1170,…

Oregon v. Johnson, 2025 Or. LEXIS 1863 (Or. 2025)

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The Oregon Court of Appeals held that the trial court erred where it failed to instruct the jury on the “choice-of-evils” defense. The court stated in relevant part: Regarding the first assignment of error, we review a trial court’s refusal to provide a requested jury instruction for legal error. State v. Jackson, 334 Or App…

Specific Intent & Mental Condition Jury Instruction (CPCS- Massachusetts)

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Aiding and Abetting Jury Instruction (CPCS, Massachusetts)

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Police-Induced Confessions, 2.0: Risk Factors and Recommendations

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Sample Motion for Court Order Allowing Defense Counsel Access to the Scene for Evidence Collection

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A sample motion in a youth facility assualt case asking the court to order access to the facility for evidence collection, including viewing the scene and taking photographs of the facility. 

Sample Motion for Court Order Allowing Defense Counsel Access to Youth Facility for Evidence Collection

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A sample motion requesting the court to compel Colorado’s Department of Youth Services to comply with a subpoena duces tecum regarding  records related to excessive force and physical abuse in their facilities.

Sample Motion for Subpoena Duces Tecum Or Order to Compel to the Division of Youth Services Regarding Discoverable Material Related to a Physical Restraint Incident

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A sample motion asking the Court to issue a subpoena duces tecum to the state youth department for material reports, documents, witness information, and video survelliance regarding an incident of physical restraint. 

Sample Jury Instruction on Adolescent Brain Development and Impulsivity in a Self-Defense Case

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Sample jury instructions on adolescent development in a self-defense case involving staff at a youth facility.

Sample Jury Instruction on Self-Defense for Children Under Colorado Law

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Sample jury instructions for a child acting in lawful self-defense under Colorado law. 

Sample Jury Instruction on the Reasonable Child Standard in a Self-Defense Against Facility Staff Case

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Sample jury instructions requesting the reasonable child standard in a case involving self-defense from unlawful physical force at a youth facility.

Sample Jury Instruction In A Self-Defense Against Facility Staff Case

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Sample jury instructions for self-defense in a case involving a young person defending themself against facility staff’s unlawful use of force or physical restraint against a youth at a residential facility.

Sample Jury Instruction on Unlawful Use of Physical Force by Facility Staff

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Sample jury instructions outlining when physical force is by facility staff is unlawful against a young person.

State v. Quijas, 457 P.3d 1241 (Wash. Ct. App. 2020)

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The Court of Appeals of Washington remanded a transfer case to the superior court and offered the following language in support. “Our Supreme Court has made clear that trial courts must be vigilant in addressing the threat of explicit or implicit racial bias that affects a defendant’s right to a fair trial. We hold that…

Why (Jury-Less) Juvenile Courts Are Unconstitutional

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State v. Oscar R. Juracan-Juracan

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The Court considers a question of first impression — whether a criminal defendant must be provided in-person interpreting services, rather than video remote interpreting (VRI) services, at his jury trial.

Amicus Brief from National Association of Judiciary Interpreters & Translators and the American Translators Association in State v. Oscar R. Juracan-Juracan

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Utah Toolkit for Representing Young People Charged with Sex Offenses

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From the introduction: “This project, which started in fall 2020, was initially intended to be significantly smaller than it turned out to be. Our coalition of authors intended to outline ways juvenile defenders could streamline their representation of youth charged with sex offenses. As the project gained momentum, this team of trial attorneys, social workers,…

State v. Reimonenq, 268 So. 3d 412 (La. 2019)

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The Louisiana Supreme Court took up defense counsel’s writ following the trial court’s denial of a motion to quash following the State’s dismissal and refiling of charges following two adverse rulings, in effect evading all appellate review of the court’s ruling. The court found the accused, Mr. Reimonenq’s, 14th Amendment right to due process and…

Reckless Juveniles

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From the Abstract: “Modern doctrine and scholarship largely take it for granted that offenders should be criminally punished for reckless acts. Yet, developments in our understanding of human behavior can shed light on how we define and attribute criminal liability, or at least force us to grapple with the categories that have existed for so…

Youth-Specific Jury Instructions (CPCS-Massachusetts)

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Template Jury Instructions for a Youth with a Jury Trial 

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This is a set of template jury instructions from West Virginia for a jury trial in a case involving a [youth] respondent. The instructions cover weight of the evidence, the presumption of innocence, the [youth] respondent’s right to remain silent or not testify in their case, and the requisite burden of proof.

The United States Supreme Court Adopts a Reasonable Juvenile Standard in J.D.B. v. North Carolina for Purposes of the Miranda Custody Analysis: Can a More Reasoned Justice System for Juveniles Be Far Behind?

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Juvenile Law Center and The Gault Center Amicus Brief, G.A.W. v. Illinois

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This amicus brief by The Juvenile Law Center and The Gault Center argues that young people have a constitutional right to a jury trial pursuant to the 6th and 14th Amendment, in cases with serious consequences, such as sex offenses with numerous collateral consequences, in juvenile court, without “comparable adult procedural protections”. Further, the brief…

Center on Wrongful Convictions of Youth, Juvenile Law Center et al. Amicus Brief, Welch v. U.S. 

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This amicus brief by Center on Wrongful Convictions of Youth, Juvenile Law Center, and others argues that a juvenile court adjudication should not be used to enhance a sentence in adult court under Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000), because a juvenile court adjudication lacks the same reliability as a criminal conviction, and…