Sample Jury Instruction on Self-Defense for Children Under Colorado Law

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Sample jury instructions for a child acting in lawful self-defense under Colorado law. 

Annotated Bibliography: Racial Trauma

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Annotated Bibliography: Policing as Trauma

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This resource was created as part of the 2022 Racial Justice Training Series, co-hosted with the Georgetown Juvenile Justice Clinic & Initiative. Advocates and experts gathered each month to discuss a chapter of Prof. Kristin Henning’s Book The Rage of Innocence: How America Criminalizes Black Youth. Watch recordings of the monthly webinars and see other…

Human Rights Watch, et al. Amicus Brief, O.G. v. Superior Court

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This amicus brief supporting the petitioner O.G. asks the California Appellate Court to uphold the passage of SB 1391, which eliminated transfer of 14- and 15- year old to adult court. The amicus brief outlines why the law ensures age-appropriate services for young people as well as protecting public safety by reducing recidvisim and strengthening…

Sample Motion Opposing Transfer Under Tennessee’s Transfer Statute

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This sample motion from Tennessee outlines why transfer is unconstitutional in Tennessee under the 8th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, and Tennessee’s purpose clause. The brief highlights Supreme Court jurisprudence, scientific and medical research, and evolving standards of decency. 

State v. Quijas, 457 P.3d 1241 (Wash. Ct. App. 2020)

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The Court of Appeals of Washington remanded a transfer case to the superior court and offered the following language in support. “Our Supreme Court has made clear that trial courts must be vigilant in addressing the threat of explicit or implicit racial bias that affects a defendant’s right to a fair trial. We hold that…

How the Adolescent Brain Shapes Behavior 

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Shaping Tomorrow: The Next 50 Years of JJDPA

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Five Things About Youth and Delinquency

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The National Institute of Justice issued five key findings from research and data on youth and delinquency. The findings include: 1) risk-taking behaviors are a normal part of adolescent development; 2) risky behaviors increase through adolescence and then decline over time as youth mature; 3) few youth are arrested for any crime, and even fewer…

Ten is Too Young: South Dakota’s Need for a Legislative Amendment Raising the Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility to Fourteen

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From the abstract: “South Dakota, like many other states, allows young children to be introduced to the criminal justice system at a very young age. Although South Dakota originally focused on managing children’s misbehavior, the law has evolved in a way that punishes kids for being kids. Despite recent reforms to handle juvenile delinquency in…

Juvenile Sex Offender Registry Affidavit of Patricia Coffey, Ph.D., and Odile Rodrik, M.S.

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This affidavit compiles key research on adolescent brain development and the harms of juvenile sex offense registration and concludes that young people should not be placed on sex offender registries. Specifically, this affidavit highlights research showing that registration requirements are ineffective in keeping communities safe and lowering recidivism rates, in addition to research demonstrating that…

ABA Resolution 517 on Police Questioning of Youth

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The American Bar Association (ABA) passed a resolution urging all governmental authorities to enact laws and policies prohibiting police from utilizing deceptive practices during youth interrogations. Relying on adolescent development research and recognizing the inherent vulnerabilities of youth during police interrogations, the ABA outlines that “it is beyond dispute that interrogations of adolescents by law…

State v. Fletcher, 555 P.3d 1046 (Alaska Ct. App. 2024)

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Brief: Charting U.S. Minimum Ages of Jurisdiction, Detention, and Commitment

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Reforming Juvenile Justice: A Developmental Approach

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American Academy of Pediatric Neuropsychology, the American Civil Liberties Union of New Jersey, the Gault Center et al. Amicus Brief, State v. Jones et al. 

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This amicus brief from American Academy of Pediatric Neuropsychology, the American Civil Liberties Union of New Jersey, the Gault Center, and others argues there is no reasonable, scientific basis for drawing the line for adolescence at age 18, and therefore protections from Comer (including reconsideration of lengthy sentences for homicide offenses committed by individuals under 18) should extend to young people who were 18 to 20 years old.  Additionally, the brief…

Cultivating Purpose in Adolescence

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This report describes the process of developing or cultivating purpose and explains why purpose is one of the key aspects of healthy development in adolescence. Cultivating purpose is widely beneficial for adolescents, and it is particularly important for adolescents from traditionally underserved groups. Purpose is essentially a renewable resource that has the potential to benefit…

The Intersection of Adolescent Brain Development and Anti-Black Racism

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The focus of this paper is on the experience of Black adolescents who are growing up amidst evolving national beliefs about racism, ongoing political debate surrounding the Black Lives Matter movement, and a growing national awareness about the experience of being Black in America.

Advocating for Play, Recreation & Leisure as Essential to Adolescent Development & Youth Defense

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In this session of our 2023 Racial Justice Training Series, Prof. Kristin Henning, Director of the Juvenile Justice Clinic and Initiative at Georgetown Law, and Mary Ann Scali, Executive Director of The Gault Center, will be joined by Dr. Linda Caldwell, Emeritus Distinguished Professor in the Dept. of Recreation, Park, and Tourism Management at The…

Cultivating Caring Communities in Schools: Tools for Dismantling the School-to-Prison Pipeline

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School-based arrests have long made up a substantial number of cases in the juvenile legal system. This is particularly true for Black, Native/Indigenous, and Latino students; immigrant students, students with disabilities, LGBTQ+ students, and other historically marginalized students. Despite significant decreases in the rate of serious crimes and violence on school campuses over the past…

Promoting Adolescent Resilience, Storytelling, & Reform

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In this final session of our 2022-2023 Racial Justice Training Series and Book Club, Prof. Kristin Henning, Director of the Juvenile Justice Clinic & Initiative at Georgetown Law, and Mary Ann Scali, Executive Director of the Gault Center, were joined by Clarence Ford, Social Justice and Wellbeing Advisor at the W. Haywood Burns Institute; Prof.…

The Traumatic Impact of Policing on Youth Health & Wellbeing

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In this session of our 2022 Racial Justice Training Series and Book Club, Prof. Kristin Henning and Mary Ann Scali were joined by Dr. Juan Del Toro, researcher in applied developmental psychology and Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities; Dr. Tiffani J. Johnson, Assistant Professor in the…

Humanizing Youth of Color & Challenging Adultification, Transfer, & Severe Sentences

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In this session of our 2022 Racial Justice Training Series and Book Club, Prof. Kristin Henning and Mary Ann Scali were joined by Eric Campbell, formerly incarcerated founder of Some People Understand Differently (SPUD), Inc.; Carmen Daugherty, Deputy Executive Director of Advancement Project; and Kristen Rome, Co-Executive Director of Louisiana Center for Children’s Rights. This…

Policing by Proxy: Shifting the Public Narrative about Black & Brown Youth

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In this session of our 2022 Racial Justice Training Series and Book Club, Prof. Kristin Henning and Ebony Howard, Deputy Director of The Gault Center, were joined by Thomas J. Bahr, Deputy Public Defender at the Office of the San Diego Public Defender, who will discuss the California case In re Edgerrin J.; Dr. Noël…

Closing the School to Prison Pipeline

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In this session of our 2022 Racial Justice Training Series and Book Club, held on August 31, 2022, Prof. Kristin Henning and Ebony Howard, Deputy Director of The Gault Center, were joined by Harold Jordan, Nationwide Education Equity Coordinator at the ACLU of Pennsylvania; Reyna Rollolazo, Community Engagement and Anti-Racism Director at TeamChild; and Amir…